Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp, Ltd MAC Address Prefixes

Vendor Name: Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp, Ltd
Known Names: Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp, Ltd
Vendor Address: NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China

This page shows all the MAC address blocks registered by Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp, Ltd. Every time a company registers a range, it should say Company Address. In most cases, these addresses are spelled differently, so we output the address for every MAC block separately. You can find here up-to-date MAC Address manufacturer information for the ethernet hardware address including vendor name, MAC Address Vendor Prefixe, block size, registration date and website for the driver download.

MAC Address Prefix List

MAC Prefix Vendor Address Ranage Size Registration Date
A8:88:CE NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2025-04-17
EC:2F:90 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2025-04-17
3C:32:B9 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2025-03-13
9C:AA:5D NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2025-03-13
44:FE:EF NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2025-01-22
24:75:B3 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2025-01-22
08:DD:03 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2024-09-27
4C:92:D2 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2024-09-27
74:E1:47 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2024-08-23
D0:20:DD NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2024-08-23
78:6C:AB NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2024-07-29
AC:45:CA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2024-07-29
50:05:6E NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2024-07-18
30:6D:F9 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2024-07-18
F8:C4:FA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2023-12-12
54:64:BC NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2023-11-27
00:CA:E0 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2023-11-27
E4:E2:6C NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2023-06-22
48:35:43 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2023-06-22
48:C4:61 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2023-04-27
10:71:FA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2023-04-27
E4:40:97 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2023-04-14
DC:B4:CA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2023-04-14
9C:74:03 No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2023-03-10
F8:C4:AE No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2023-03-08
9C:FB:77 No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2023-03-08
58:43:AB No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2023-02-16
D4:BA:FA No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2023-02-16
88:68:4B No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2023-01-21
68:85:A4 No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2023-01-21
AC:7A:94 No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2022-12-30
A8:C5:6F No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2022-12-30
94:97:AE No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2022-12-13
0C:BD:75 No.18 Haibin Road, Dong Guan Guang Dong 523860, China MA-L 2022-12-13
5C:16:48 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-11-28
74:D5:58 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-11-28
38:6F:6B NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-11-03
48:29:D6 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-11-03
BC:64:D9 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-10-19
74:86:69 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-10-19
BC:E8:FA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-09-27
40:B6:07 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-09-27
68:FC:B6 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-09-09
B4:57:E6 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-09-09
34:47:9A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-06-03
30:1A:BA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-06-03
14:9B:F3 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-03-24
30:7F:10 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-03-24
A4:0F:98 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-03-10
AC:C4:BD NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-03-10
2C:FC:8B NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-01-28
C0:ED:E5 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-01-28
24:75:3A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-01-06
DC:A9:56 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2022-01-06
74:EF:4B NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-11-19
AC:73:52 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-11-19
30:E7:BC NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-10-29
50:87:4D NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-10-29
60:07:C4 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-09-04
A8:98:92 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-09-04
30:4F:00 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-07-21
4C:EA:AE NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-07-21
54:67:06 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-07-08
B4:20:5B NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-07-08
48:77:BD NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-06-24
E4:93:6A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-06-24
4C:50:F1 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-05-25
A0:94:1A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-05-25
AC:76:4C NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-04-30
B0:46:92 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-04-30
58:D6:97 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-03-16
E4:0C:FD NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-03-16
54:0E:58 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-02-11
B0:C9:52 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China MA-L 2021-02-11
FC:04:1C NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-11-25
40:8C:1F NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-11-25
0C:93:8F NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-11-03
14:5E:69 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-11-03
8C:34:01 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-09-17
24:06:AA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-09-17
C4:40:F6 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-08-01
E4:33:AE NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-08-01
94:54:CE NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-06-24
38:8A:BE NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-06-24
60:D4:E9 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-05-14
88:03:E9 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-05-14
20:64:CB NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-03-20
FC:A5:D0 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-03-20
1C:02:19 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-01-23
B0:B5:C3 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2020-01-23
20:82:6A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-12-24
14:47:2D NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-12-24
F0:67:28 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-10-30
C4:FE:5B NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-10-30
B4:A5:AC NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-09-19
B8:C9:B5 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-09-19
9C:F5:31 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-08-20
9C:5F:5A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-08-20
18:D0:C5 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-07-23
A4:C9:39 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-07-23
5C:66:6C NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-06-24
F4:D6:20 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-06-24
A4:F0:5E NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-05-31
44:AE:AB NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-05-31
C4:E1:A1 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-04-29
6C:D7:1F NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-04-29
70:DD:A8 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-02-06
4C:6F:9C NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-02-06
C4:E3:9F NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-01-11
24:79:F3 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2019-01-11
84:6F:CE NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-12-20
48:83:B4 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-12-20
48:95:07 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-12-04
D8:1E:DD NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-12-04
88:5A:06 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-11-14
C0:2E:25 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-11-14
2C:5D:34 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-09-27
58:C6:F0 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-09-27
A4:12:32 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-09-10
D4:67:D3 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-09-10
2C:A9:F0 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-08-16
B8:C7:4A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-08-16
B4:CB:57 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-06-25
14:C6:97 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-06-25
18:D7:17 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-06-25
1C:42:7D NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-06-25
50:29:F5 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-06-25
9C:0C:DF NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-06-25
7C:6B:9C NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-04-05
78:36:CC NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-01-25
44:66:FC NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2018-01-25
58:7A:6A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-12-10
E4:C4:83 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-12-10
50:3C:EA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-09-06
D4:1A:3F NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-09-06
DC:55:83 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-07-26
F0:6D:78 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-07-26
EC:51:BC NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-07-01
F0:79:E8 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-07-01
08:4A:CF NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-05-24
1C:DD:EA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-05-24
30:84:54 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-05-23
94:D0:29 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-05-23
3C:F5:91 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-03-26
98:6F:60 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-03-26
60:21:01 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860, China MA-L 2017-03-26
4C:18:9A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-03-26
D4:50:3F NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-02-21
88:D5:0C NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-02-21
EC:F3:42 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-02-21
4C:1A:3D NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-02-21
B8:37:65 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2017-02-21
38:29:5A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2016-11-16
EC:01:EE NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2016-11-16
E4:47:90 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2016-10-12
1C:48:CE NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2016-09-22
6C:5C:14 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2016-08-26
CC:2D:83 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2016-07-14
C0:9F:05 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2016-06-11
44:04:44 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860, China MA-L 2016-05-14
1C:77:F6 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2016-04-01
C8:F2:30 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD DONGGUAN GUANGDONG 523860 CN MA-L 2015-10-25
DC:6D:CD NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2015-09-27
2C:5B:B8 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD,WUSHA,CHANG'AN,DONGGUAN,GUANGDONG,CHINA DONGGUAN GUANGDONG 523860 CN MA-L 2015-07-23
BC:3A:EA NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD,WUSHA,CHANG'AN,DONGGUAN,GUANGDONG,CHINA DONGGUAN GUANGDONG 523860 CN MA-L 2015-02-19
A8:1B:5A NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD,WUSHA,CHANG'AN,DONGGUAN,GUANGDONG,CHINA DONGGUAN GUANGDONG 523860 CN MA-L 2015-01-23
A0:93:47 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD,WUSHA,CHANG'AN,DONGGUAN,GUANGDONG,CHINA DONGGUAN GUANGDONG 523860 CN MA-L 2014-07-13
A4:3D:78 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN MA-L 2014-03-11
E8:BB:A8 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD,WUSHA,CHANG'AN,DONGGUAN,GUANGDONG,CHINA DONGGUAN GUANGDONG 523860 CN MA-L 2013-09-12
8C:0E:E3 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD,WUSHA,CHANG'AN DONGGUAN GUANGDONG 523860 CN MA-L 2013-01-09
B0:AA:36 NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD DONGGUAN GUANGDONG 523860 CN MA-L 2010-01-05

Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp, Ltd Vendor Information

The mac addresses beginning with A8:88:CE are owned by the vendor Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp, Ltd and Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp, Ltd is located in NO.18 HAIBIN ROAD, DONG GUAN GUANG DONG 523860 CN, China. You will find troubleshooting information for the device on the manufacturer homepage . This registered set of mac block type, MA-L is able to identify a maximum of 16,777,216 devices.